Matter is composed of atoms or groups of atoms called molecules. The arrangement of particles in a material depends on the physical state of the substance. In a solid, particles form a compact structure that resists flow. Particles in a liquid have more energy than those in a solid. They can flow past one another, but they remain close. Particles in a gas have the most energy. They move rapidly and are separated from one another by relatively large distances.

Alphabetic list of Chemical Elements (I-J-K-L-M)

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Name: Indium
Symbol: In
Atomic Number: 49
Atomic Weight: 114.818
Group: Other metals
Date Discovered: 1863
Discovered By: Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Richter

Name: Iodine
Symbol: I
Atomic Number: 53
Atomic Weight: 126.9045
Group: Halogens
Date Discovered: 1811
Discovered By: Bernard Courtois

Name: Iridium
Symbol: Ir
Atomic Number: 77
Atomic Weight: 192.217
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1804
Discovered By: Smithson Tennant

Name: Iron
Symbol: Fe
Atomic Number: 26
Atomic Weight: 55.845
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: prehistoric
Discovered By: unknown

Name: Krypton
Symbol: Kr
Atomic Number: 36
Atomic Weight: 83.798
Group: Noble gases
Date Discovered: 1898
Discovered By: William Ramsay and Morris Travers

Name: Lanthanum
Symbol: La
Atomic Number: 57
Atomic Weight: 138.9055
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: series 1839
Discovered By: Carl Mosander

Name: Lawrencium
Symbol: Lr
Atomic Number: 103
Atomic Weight: (260)
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1961
Discovered By: Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh, and Robert Latimer

Name: Lead
Symbol: Pb
Atomic Number: 82
Atomic Weight: 207.2
Group: Other metals
Date Discovered: prehistoric
Discovered By: unknown

Name: Lithium
Symbol: Li
Atomic Number: 3
Atomic Weight: 6.941
Group: Alkali metals
Date Discovered: 1817
Discovered By: Johan Arfwedson

Name: Lutetium
Symbol: Lu
Atomic Number: 71
Atomic Weight: 174.967
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1907
Discovered By: Georges Urbain and Carl von Welsbach, independently of each other

Name: Magnesium
Symbol: Mg
Atomic Number: 12
Atomic Weight: 24.3051
Group: Alkaline earth metals
Date Discovered: 1755
Discovered By: Joseph Black (oxide isolated by Humphry Davy 1808; pure form isolated by Antoine-Alexandre-Brutus Bussy 1828)

Name: Manganese
Symbol: Mn
Atomic Number: 25
Atomic Weight: 54.938
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1774
Discovered By: Johann Gottlieb Gahn

Name: Meitnerium
Symbol: Mt
Atomic Number: 109
Atomic Weight: (268)
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1982
Discovered By: Peter Armbruster and coworkers

Name: Mendelevium
Symbol: Md
Atomic Number: 101
Atomic Weight: (258)
Group: Actinide
Date Discovered: series 1955
Discovered By: Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory Choppin, Stanley Thompson, and Glenn Seaborg

Name: Mercury
Symbol: Hg
Atomic Number: 80
Atomic Weight: 200.59
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: prehistoric
Discovered By: unknown

Name: Molybdenum
Symbol: Mo
Atomic Number: 42
Atomic Weight: 95.94
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1781
Discovered By: named by Karl Scheele (isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm 1782)

Alphabetic list of Chemical Elements (E-F-G-H)

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Name: Einsteinium
Symbol: Es
Atomic Number: 99
Atomic Weight: (252)
Group: Actinide
Date Discovered: series 1952
Discovered By: Albert Ghiorso and coworkers

Name: Erbium
Symbol: Er
Atomic Number: 68
Atomic Weight: 167.26
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: series 1843
Discovered By: Carl Mosander

Name: Europium
Symbol: Eu
Atomic Number: 63
Atomic Weight: 151.966
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: series 1901
Discovered By: Eugène Demarçay

Name: Fermium
Symbol: Fm
Atomic Number: 100
Atomic Weight: (257)
Group: Actinide
Date Discovered: series 1955
Discovered By: Albert Ghiorso and coworkers

Name: Fluorine
Symbol: F
Atomic Number: 9
Atomic Weight: 18.9984
Group: Halogens
Date Discovered: 1771
Discovered By: Karl Scheele (isolated by Henri Moissan 1886)

Name: Francium
Symbol: Fr
Atomic Number: 87
Atomic Weight: (223)
Group: Alkali metals
Date Discovered: 1939
Discovered By: Marguérite Perey

Name: Gadolinium
Symbol: Gd
Atomic Weight: 64
Atomic Number: 157.25
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: series 1886
Discovered By: Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran

Name: Gallium
Symbol: Ga
Atomic Number: 31
Atomic Weight: 69.723
Group: Other
Date Discovered: metals 1875
Discovered By: Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran

Name: Germanium
Symbol: Ge
Atomic Number: 32
Atomic Weight: 72.61
Group: Other metals
Date Discovered: 1886
Discovered By: Clemens Winkler

Name: Gold
Symbol: Au
Atomic Number: 79
Atomic Weight: 196.9665
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: prehistoric
Discovered By: unknown

Name: Hafnium
Symbol: Hf
Atomic Number: 72
Atomic Weight: 178.49
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1913
Discovered By: Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy

Name: Hassium
Symbol: Hs
Atomic Number: 108
Atomic Weight: (263)
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1984
Discovered By: Peter Armbruster and coworkers

Name: Helium
Symbol: He
Atomic Number: 2
Atomic Weight: 4.0026
Group: Noble gases
Date Discovered: 1868
Discovered By: Pierre Janssen

Name: Holmium
Symbol: Ho
Atomic Number: 67
Atomic Weight: 164.9303
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: series 1879
Discovered By: Per Cleve

Name: Hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1
Atomic Weight: 1.0079
Group: Nonmetals
Date Discovered: 1766
Discovered By: Henry Cavendish

Alphabetic list of Chemical Elements (C-D)

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Name: Cadmium
Symbol: Cd
Atomic Number: 48
Atomic Weight: 112.412
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1817
Discovered By: Friedrich Strohmeyer

Name: Calcium
Symbol: Ca
Atomic Number: 20
Atomic Weight: 40.078
Group: Alkaline earth metals
Date Discovered: 1808
Discovered By: Humphry Davy

Name: Californium
Symbol: Cf
Atomic Number: 98
Atomic Weight: (251)
Group: Actinide
Date Discovered: 1950
Discovered By: Glenn Seaborg, Stanley Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., and Albert Ghiorso

Name: Carbon
Symbol: C
Atomic Number: 6
Atomic Weight: 12.011
Group: Nonmetals
Date Discovered: prehistoric
Discovered By: unknown

Name: Cerium
Symbol: Ce
Atomic Number: 58
Atomic Weight: 140.115
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: 1804
Discovered By: Jöns Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, and independently by Martin Klaproth

Name: Cesium
Symbol: Cs
Atomic Number: 55
Atomic Weight: 132.9054
Group: Alkali metals
Date Discovered: 1860
Discovered By: Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

Name: Chlorine
Symbol: Cl
Atomic Number: 17
Atomic Weight: 35.4528
Group: Halogens
Date Discovered: 1774
Discovered By: Karl Scheele

Name: Chromium
Symbol: Cr
Atomic Number: 24
Atomic Weight: 51.9962
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1797
Discovered By: Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin

Name: Cobalt
Symbol: Co
Atomic Number: 27
Atomic Weight: 58.9332
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1730
Discovered By: Georg Brandt

Name: Copper
Symbol: Cu
Atomic Number: 29
Atomic Weight: 63.546
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: prehistoric
Discovered By: unknown

Name: Curium
Symbol: Cm
Atomic Number: 96
Atomic Weight: (247)
Group: Actinide
Date Discovered: 1944
Discovered By: Glenn Seaborg, Ralph James, and Albert Ghiorso

Name: Darmstadtium
Symbol: Ds
Atomic Number: 110
Atomic Weight: (271)
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1994
Discovered By: team at the Heavy-Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, Germany

Name: Dubnium
Symbol: Db
Atomic Number: 105
Atomic Weight: (262)
Group: Transition metals
Date Discovered: 1970
Discovered By: claimed by Albert Ghiorso and coworkers (disputed by Soviet workers)

Name: Dysprosium
Symbol: Dy
Atomic Number: 66
Atomic Weight: 162.500
Group: Lanthanide
Date Discovered: series 1886
Discovered By: Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran

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